财政学名词解释word英文版（精选）

Fiscal Economics Glossary: Key Definitions Fiscal economics, at its core, is the study of how governments use their money – taxation, spending, and borrowing – to influence the economy. It’s a surprisingly complex field, packed with specialized terminology. Understanding these terms is crucial for anyone serious about grasping how governments impact economic activity. Let's break down some of the most important fiscal economics definitions. First, we have Budget Deficit. This occurs when a government’s spending exceeds its revenue (primarily taxes) in a given period, typically a year. It’s essentially owing money to someone – usually investors or other governments. A persistent deficit can lead to increased debt and potential economic instability. Then there's Fiscal Policy. This refers to the deliberate actions undertaken by a government to stimulate or restrain economic activity. It’s broadly categorized as expansionary (boosting the economy) or contractionary (slowing it down). Think tax cuts and increased government spending for expansionary policy. The concept of Taxation is fundamental, of course. It’s the primary method by which governments raise revenue. Different tax systems – progressive, regressive, and flat – have vastly different effects on income distribution and economic incentives. Another critical term is Government Debt. This is the accumulation of a government’s past deficits. High levels of debt can strain an economy and potentially lead to higher interest rates. Finally, Monetary Policy (often confused with fiscal policy) is the control of money supply and interest rates, typically by a central bank. While distinct, they interact significantly in shaping the overall economic landscape. Understanding both is key to analyzing any economic situation. 展开